在互聯網上保護知識產權的建議
現時,本港的《版權條例》規管各項侵權行為,包括在互聯網上的侵權行為。香港海關也在網上積極進行執法行動,以保護版權持有人的權利。可是,由於科技發展日新月異,而《版權條例》實行至今亦有十年歷史。因此,筆者對當局檢討在數碼環境中的版權保護制度表示歡迎。
政府在本年十二月十九日發表了《在數碼環境中保護知識產權》諮詢文件,旨在檢討現有的版權保護制度在數碼環境中是否有效,並就應否加強及如何加強對版權的保護,以及如何平衡版權保護與資訊傳播和個人私隱的問題諮詢公眾的意見。
現時版權持有人聲稱互聯網上的侵權行為嚴重影響他們的收益,因此他們建議將下載或使用檔案分享技術分享侵權物品刑事化。在諮詢文件中政府亦表示會考慮上述的意見。
事實上,在刑事執法方面,現行的法例可謂行之有效。海關曾與互聯網商合作,成功地檢控了以BT技術發佈影片的「古惑天王」,成為全球首宗同類案例。可是,在民事訴訟方面版權持有人卻在舉證上遇到困難,當中亦涉及可觀的費用。雖然電影業和唱片業均曾發出律師信,向侵權者作出警告及民事索償,但有關的法律訴訟仍須要互聯網服務供應商的通力合作才能成事。
根據現行法例,互聯網服務供應商並沒有義務參與打擊侵權行為,包括移除伺服器上的侵權物品及向侵權用戶發出警告。因此,政府在諮詢文件中亦考慮界定互聯網服務供應商在打擊侵權行為上的責任。政府建議可透過訂立業界服務守則或指引,或透過立法將互聯網服務供應商未能及時阻截或移除侵權物品的行為訂為刑事罪行。
可是,現時大部分國家均沒有要求互聯網服務供應商就網上侵權行為而保存記錄。以香港的情況來說,現時亦沒有要求互聯網服務供應商為便利刑事執法而保存記錄,那我們又應否因為民事罪行而實行保存記錄的要求?雖然現時大部分互聯網商均有保留記錄,我建議政府應仔細考慮將之列為法定要求的影響才作決定。
就版權擁有人舉證困難的問題,文件中亦建議可考慮設立一些比較快捷和相對便宜的方法去協助版權持有人提出民事訴訟,包括設立特定機制要求互聯網商披露資料或採納美國《數碼千禧年版權法令》的傳票程序。可是筆者認為有關機制仍須包括一定的舉證程序,證實該要求不是無的放矢,以確保不會被濫用,保障市民的個人私隱。
總括來說,筆者認為政府在考慮保障版權持有人的權利時,亦應提防「過度立法」的情況出現。由於互聯網的宗旨是言論開放及自由,過度立法將可能會阻礙意念的流通。
另外,諮詢文件亦就以下範疇諮詢公眾意見,包括修改法例以確保版權作品透過任何傳送科技傳播仍受法例保障,訂立侵犯版權的法定賠償,以及豁免暫時複製版權物品等。《在數碼環境中保護知識產權》可在以下網址下載:http://www.citb.gov.hk/cib/。是次諮詢將會於明年四月三十日結束,我希望各位讀者能細閱這份文件,並向當局發表你的意見。
(本文已於2006年12月22日刊於文匯報"單刀直入"專欄。)
政府在本年十二月十九日發表了《在數碼環境中保護知識產權》諮詢文件,旨在檢討現有的版權保護制度在數碼環境中是否有效,並就應否加強及如何加強對版權的保護,以及如何平衡版權保護與資訊傳播和個人私隱的問題諮詢公眾的意見。
現時版權持有人聲稱互聯網上的侵權行為嚴重影響他們的收益,因此他們建議將下載或使用檔案分享技術分享侵權物品刑事化。在諮詢文件中政府亦表示會考慮上述的意見。
事實上,在刑事執法方面,現行的法例可謂行之有效。海關曾與互聯網商合作,成功地檢控了以BT技術發佈影片的「古惑天王」,成為全球首宗同類案例。可是,在民事訴訟方面版權持有人卻在舉證上遇到困難,當中亦涉及可觀的費用。雖然電影業和唱片業均曾發出律師信,向侵權者作出警告及民事索償,但有關的法律訴訟仍須要互聯網服務供應商的通力合作才能成事。
根據現行法例,互聯網服務供應商並沒有義務參與打擊侵權行為,包括移除伺服器上的侵權物品及向侵權用戶發出警告。因此,政府在諮詢文件中亦考慮界定互聯網服務供應商在打擊侵權行為上的責任。政府建議可透過訂立業界服務守則或指引,或透過立法將互聯網服務供應商未能及時阻截或移除侵權物品的行為訂為刑事罪行。
可是,現時大部分國家均沒有要求互聯網服務供應商就網上侵權行為而保存記錄。以香港的情況來說,現時亦沒有要求互聯網服務供應商為便利刑事執法而保存記錄,那我們又應否因為民事罪行而實行保存記錄的要求?雖然現時大部分互聯網商均有保留記錄,我建議政府應仔細考慮將之列為法定要求的影響才作決定。
就版權擁有人舉證困難的問題,文件中亦建議可考慮設立一些比較快捷和相對便宜的方法去協助版權持有人提出民事訴訟,包括設立特定機制要求互聯網商披露資料或採納美國《數碼千禧年版權法令》的傳票程序。可是筆者認為有關機制仍須包括一定的舉證程序,證實該要求不是無的放矢,以確保不會被濫用,保障市民的個人私隱。
總括來說,筆者認為政府在考慮保障版權持有人的權利時,亦應提防「過度立法」的情況出現。由於互聯網的宗旨是言論開放及自由,過度立法將可能會阻礙意念的流通。
另外,諮詢文件亦就以下範疇諮詢公眾意見,包括修改法例以確保版權作品透過任何傳送科技傳播仍受法例保障,訂立侵犯版權的法定賠償,以及豁免暫時複製版權物品等。《在數碼環境中保護知識產權》可在以下網址下載:http://www.citb.gov.hk/cib/。是次諮詢將會於明年四月三十日結束,我希望各位讀者能細閱這份文件,並向當局發表你的意見。
(本文已於2006年12月22日刊於文匯報"單刀直入"專欄。)

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